水稻品种抗性对褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群动态的影响

用ＴＮ１、Ｎ２２、ＡｓＤ７和Ｐｔｂ３３等４个抗虫性差异明显的水稻品种测定了褐飞虱和白背飞虱在它们上面的栖息率、落卵量、卵存活率、若虫存活和发育状况,以及后代种群数量表现。结果表明,Ｐｔｂ３３通过减少２种飞虱的栖息率、落卵量,降低卵和若虫存活率,延长若虫的发育时间,抑制后代的种群数量增长,表现出明显的抗性。Ｎ２２对白背飞虱、ＡｓＤ７对褐飞虱的后代种群建立与发展均表现明显的抑制作用。２种飞虱在ＴＮ１上     

水稻害虫的可持续治理及经济效益评估

以对白背飞虱具有不同抗性的水稻品种嘉花1号（抗白背飞虱粳稻品种）和汕优63（感虫杂交稻）为试材,研究了不同杀虫剂处理对水稻害虫数量及稻米品质和产量的影响,并对其经济效益进行了评估.结果表明,无杀虫剂处理的嘉花1号上白背飞虱的高峰虫量仅为汕优63的1/10,在整个水稻生长季节,嘉花1号上的白背飞虱种群数量始终处于经济危害水平以下,而汕优63却受到白背飞虱的严重危害;无杀虫剂处理的蜘蛛数量比农户管理小区高3～7倍.不施用杀虫剂处理的嘉花1号和汕优63的产量分别下降11.8%和43.4%.与不施杀虫剂处理相比,1次杀虫剂处理的嘉花1号和汕优63的实际经济收入分别下降0.9%～2.6%和2.6%～4.7%,完全不施用杀虫剂时,汕优63的实际经济收入减少32.9%～36.1%,而嘉花1号反而增收2.2%～4.8%.此外,无杀虫剂处理嘉花1号的稻谷收入为9403元·hm^-2,明显高于3种杀虫剂处理的汕优63（8632元·hm^-2）.杀虫剂处理不影响嘉花1号和汕优63的稻米加工、外观和食用品质,却降低了其蛋白质含量.     

Development and preliminary application of a triplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay for evaluating predation on three planthoppers in a rice ecosystem

A multiplex real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to simultaneously detect the DNA of three rice planthoppers, that is, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (white‐backed planthopper), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (brown planthopper) and Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (small brown planthopper), in the gut of their predators. The sets of primers and ALLGlo probes were targeted to the regions of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) genes in nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The sensitivity, specificity and interference test for the multiplex real‐time quantitative PCR assay were analysed. The assay's detection limits were 100, 1000 and 100 copies for the white‐backed planthopper, the brown planthopper and the small brown planthopper, respectively. The specificity tests showed no cross‐reactivity with genomic DNA from 30 other dominant herbivores, saprophagous insects and predators from rice ecosystem for each planthopper species. The assay was used in a preliminary study of predation events on the three planthoppers by three major spiders viz., Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bösenberg et Strand), Ummeliata insecticeps (Bösenberg et Strand) and Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell which each differ in their preferred microhabitat as well as their predatory habits in rice field, and the results showed their predation on each planthopper species could be well evaluated using this method. Therefore, the multiplex real‐time quantitative PCR assay provides a new tool to study the mechanisms of prey shifting and natural regulation of the three rice planthoppers by generalist predators in rice ecosystem.     

Similarities and spatial variations of bacterial and fungal communities in field rice planthopper (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) populations

Rice planthoppers are notorious plant sap‐feeding pests which cause serious damage. While several microbes in rice planthoppers have been broadly characterized, the abundance and diversity of bacteria and fungi in field planthoppers are largely unknown. This study investigated the bacterial and fungal community compositions of Chinese wild rice planthoppers Laodelphax striatellus and Sogatella furcifera using parallel 16S rRNA gene amplicon and internal transcribed space region sequencing. The bacteria varied significantly between the species and were partitioned significantly by sex, tissues and host environments in each species. The majority of bacteria were affiliated with the genera Wolbachia, Cardinium, Rickettsia and Pantoea. The abundance of Wolbachia was negatively correlated with that of Cardinium in both planthopper species. Compared with bacteria, the abundance and diversity of fungi did not differ between sexes but both were enriched in the gut. The bacterial community as a whole showed no significant correlation with the fungal community. The majority of fungi were related to Sarocladium, Alternaria, Malassezia, Aspergillus and Curvularia. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that these fungi were closely related to botanic symbionts or pathogens. Our results provide novel insights into the bacteria and fungi of rice planthoppers.     

2008年广西北部湾稻区稻飞虱初迁入过程分析

2008年2月,我国南方和越南北方普遍遭遇了罕见的低温冻害,褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)与白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)越冬虫量大大减少,而广西北部湾稻区在3—4月却出现了大规模的稻飞虱迁入峰。结合2008年越冬考察、灯下监测以及田间系统调查结果,通过HYSPLIT模型与GrADS软件对此阶段出现的稻飞虱大规模迁入过程进行轨迹模拟与天气学背景分析,得出以下结论:(1)2008年广西早期迁入稻飞虱虫源与越南北部虫源关系不大,主要来自越南中部及老挝南部;(2)850hPa高空温度较高,低空急流频繁,以及过早出现的台风是造成钦州4月份稻飞虱大规模远距离迁入的最主要原因。因此,除越南北部红河三角洲地区外,为我国华南稻区提供早期迁入虫源的越南中部稻区更值得关注。     

SfHMGR在白背飞虱生殖调控中的功能分析

[目的]为探究保幼激素(juvenile hormone,JH)生物合成关键基因3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶基因(HMGR)在白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera生殖中的作用.[方法]基于已公布的白背飞虱基因组和转录组数据,结合RT-PCR技术获得SfHMGR全长cDNA序列;采用RT-qPCR技术分...     

稻飞虱翅型纯系后代个体的翅型分化对光周期变化不敏感

【目的】为了明确光周期和遗传因子在稻飞虱翅型分化中的作用, 研究了3种稻飞虱（褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens、白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera和灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus）翅型纯系或近纯系在不同光照时数下的翅型分化比率。【方法】以经过5~45代连续翅型筛选后的褐飞虱、白背飞虱和灰飞虱的长翅型和短翅型纯系或近纯系为材料, 在室内分别测定了其在长光照（16和20 h）、短光照(4~12 h)和正常光照(14 h) 3类光周期条件下饲养后, 雌、雄成虫中长翅和短翅个体出现的比率及存活率。【结果】白背飞虱和灰飞虱的长翅型纯系M♂×M♀或短翅型纯系B♂×B♀在不同光周期下的翅型比率均无显著差异（P>0.05）。褐飞虱短翅型近纯系B♂×B♀的雌虫短翅率和成虫总短翅率在不同光周期下也无显著差异（P>0.05）, 但雄虫短翅率在正常光照14 h和短光照4 h下显著高于长光照20 h下的（P<0.05）。当褐飞虱短翅型达到纯系后, 其后代翅型在6~16 h光照条件下无显著差异。褐飞虱长翅型近纯系M♂×M♀的后代虽有短翅个体出现, 但是雌虫和雄虫的各自短翅率在不同光周期下无显著差异（P>0.05), 仅总体短翅率在12 h光照条件下的显著高于16 h下的（P<0.05）。褐飞虱长、短翅型杂交筛选品系M♂×B♀的雌虫短翅率随光照时数的延长而升高; 灰飞虱杂交筛选品系M♂×B♀的短翅雄虫随光照时数的缩短而增多（P<0.05）, 但当筛选代次达到45代时, 这种趋势不再显著。3种稻飞虱长翅型和短翅型纯系或近纯系若虫的存活率会稍低于长、短翅型杂交后代的存活率, 但长、短翅型品系的存活率在6~16 h光照条件下差异不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】稻飞虱翅型分化对光周期的反应受飞虱本身遗传背景的影响, 翅型纯系后代个体的翅型分化对光周期变化不敏感。     

抗性水稻品种对褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群参数的影响

在半自然状态下 ,用生命表方法初步比较了褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens和白背飞虱Sogatellafurcif era在 4个抗褐飞虱水稻品种ASD7,IR3 6,JX89和Mudgo上的种群参数。初步的结果表明 ,白背飞虱在 4个抗褐飞虱水稻品种上具有较高的繁殖率 ,较短的发育时间和较大的种群增长。对褐飞虱各种群参数影响最大的是JX89,对白背飞虱影响最大的是Mudgo。与感性品种TN1比较 ,这些抗褐飞虱的水稻品种对 2种稻飞虱均具有不同程度的抗性。这些结果说明 ,抗褐飞虱水稻品种对白背飞虱同样具有一定的抗性 ,但白背飞虱对这种抗性具有较强的适应性 ,如果在一个地区长期推广抗褐飞虱的水稻品种 ,势必会导致白背飞虱的大发生